Less than five years after the coronavirus pandemic upended lives worldwide, the world is now facing another respiratory virus: human metapneumovirus (HMPV). As the New Year 2025 began, reports of a surge in respiratory infections in China raised concerns about the potential spread of HMPV to India. Cases of HMPV have already been detected in India, though it is important to note that, unlike COVID-19, HMPV is not a new virus.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has not yet issued a formal advisory on the current infections. In India, no deaths have been reported so far, and the number of confirmed cases stands at 15.
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What Is Human Metapneumovirus?
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus first identified in 2001. It causes mild infections similar to the common cold, with symptoms including cough, runny or blocked nose, sore throat, fever, and wheezing. HMPV infections can involve both the upper and lower respiratory tract and are most common in winter and early spring. Vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems are more likely to experience complications from the virus.
While HMPV is not fatal in most cases, complications such as bronchitis or pneumonia can arise, requiring medical attention. The virus spreads through contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces. Unlike COVID-19, HMPV has been circulating for decades, and many people have some level of immunity from past infections. However, its resurgence highlights the need for vigilance, particularly as the virus has been observed to increase during winter months in northern China.
HMPV: Treatment and Prevention
There is currently no specific vaccine or antiviral treatment for HMPV. Most infections resolve on their own within a few days with rest and supportive care. Over-the-counter medications can help manage symptoms such as fever and nasal congestion, but antibiotics are ineffective against this viral infection. Preventive measures include washing hands regularly with soap and water, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, refraining from touching the face, nose, eyes, and mouth, and wearing masks to reduce the spread of the virus. People with underlying conditions such as asthma or COPD should take extra precautions to protect themselves from infection.
India’s Response to the HMPV Threat
The National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) under the Union Health Ministry is closely monitoring respiratory infections, including HMPV, in collaboration with international health agencies. Health experts emphasise that HMPV is unlikely to lead to a pandemic as seen with COVID-19, due to the pre-existing immunity in the population. However, complacency is not an option.
A surge in HMPV cases could strain India’s already overburdened public healthcare system. The government is applying lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic to mitigate the spread of HMPV. Enhanced monitoring, public awareness campaigns, and collaboration with global agencies are some of the steps being taken to contain this health concern.
The Need for Stronger Healthcare Infrastructure
Outbreaks like HMPV and COVID-19 highlight the urgent need to strengthen public healthcare systems. Millions of Indians lack access to affordable, quality healthcare, and diagnostic capabilities for less-known pathogens like HMPV remain limited.
The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) is leading efforts to track infections, but the lack of widespread diagnostic facilities hinders timely responses. To better prepare for future health crises, India must accelerate the approval of diagnostic tests for emerging pathogens, invest in healthcare infrastructure, particularly in rural and tier-3 cities, and train more medical personnel to address the uneven distribution of healthcare resources.
Global Cooperation and Citizen Responsibility
The COVID-19 pandemic taught the world valuable lessons about the importance of global cooperation in addressing public health crises. Sharing data, exchanging research insights, and establishing international monitoring systems are crucial for preventing and controlling future outbreaks. Citizens also play a vital role in limiting the spread of infections. Adhering to hygiene practices, seeking timely medical attention, and staying informed can make a significant difference.
While HMPV is not as severe as COVID-19, it is no reason for complacency. The virus serves as a reminder of the gaps in healthcare systems and the need for constant vigilance. Strengthening public health infrastructure, improving access to diagnostic tools, and fostering international collaboration are critical steps toward safeguarding public health. While the current outbreak may not be a pandemic threat, but its emergence is a wake-up call to prioritise resilience and preparedness in India’s healthcare strategy.