Air pollution: The national capital often makes headlines as one of the most polluted cities in the world. This year is no exception. New Delhi, along with 38 other Indian cities, ranks among the top 100 most polluted cities globally, according to a recent S&P Global Mobility report. India surpassed its neighbour China which has 30 cities on the list. Post-Diwali, Delhi’s air quality index consistently exceeds 500 — classified as hazardous. The Indian subcontinent comprising Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal accounts for more than half of the top 100 most polluted cities.
The air quality crisis in Delhi and other North Indian cities has reached alarming levels, with AQI consistently falling into the hazardous category during the winter months. Data from monitoring stations reveals levels exceeding 500 AQI in the national capital, far above the safe limit of 50 set by the World Health Organisation. Cities like Ghaziabad, Noida, and Kanpur also feature prominently in the list of the world’s most polluted cities. This hazardous air impacts millions, increasing the prevalence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and reducing overall life expectancy in the region. The situation highlights an urgent need for policy interventions and coordinated efforts to mitigate pollution levels and protect public health.
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Major sources of air pollution
The government faces mounting pressure to improve air quality, and focuses on key pollution sources like coal plant emissions and stubble burning. However, significant challenges persist as other major contributors to air pollution in India such as coal-fired power plants do not get adequate attention from the policy makers. India’s dependence on coal for energy is a leading cause of air pollution. Coal-burning power plants struggle to meet pollution control targets. A Bloomberg report says nearly three-quarters of coal-fired plants near major cities are set to miss a year-end deadline for installing sulphur dioxide control equipment, resulting in a spike in already hazardous AQI levels.
Coal-fired power plants with around 20 gigawatts capacity, operating near major cities, must install pollution control equipment by December 2024. Plants in critically polluted areas face stricter deadlines, with all coal-fired plants expected to comply with new emission standards by 2026.
Stubble burning is a recurring challenge to the efforts to curb air pollution. Despite efforts by the Punjab and Haryana governments, farmers evade penalties by timing fires after satellites have passed overhead, bypassing detection. A study by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air reveals that thermal power plants in the National Capital Region contribute 16 times more to air pollution than crop burning. This highlights the need for broader, long-term strategies to address air quality issues beyond seasonal stubble burning.
Measures to cut air pollution
Transition to clean energy and electrification: India must accelerate its shift toward electric vehicles and sustainable energy sources. According to S&P, electrification of transportation is a critical step in combating rising pollution levels. Immediate measures to meet environmental targets must be complemented by long-term plans for clean energy adoption.
Limitations of current measures: Government initiatives like smog towers, water sprinklers, cloud seeding, and drone technology offer limited relief. These tools address symptoms rather than tackling root causes and leave broader urban landscapes largely unaffected.
The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM), established three years ago to combat air pollution, has made limited progress in implementing data-driven, science-based solutions. To achieve tangible results, the CAQM must adopt a proactive approach, addressing localised pollution hotspots and coordinating efforts across local and state agencies. A shift from regulatory oversight to strategic, integrated action is crucial.
Emulating global best practices
Barcelona, once among Europe’s most polluted cities, has successfully curbed air pollution through its superblock initiative, a transformative urban planning concept aimed at reducing car dependency and increasing green spaces. Traditional city streets are redesigned into clusters of octagons where perimeter streets allow vehicle traffic, but inner streets are reserved for pedestrians and cyclists. This not only reduces vehicle emissions but also fosters socio-economic benefits.
Barcelona has also invested in public transport and incentivised cycling through extensive bike lanes. The city’s air quality has improved significantly, with reduced particulate matter (PPM) levels and enhanced urban liveability.
London has taken bold steps to reduce air pollution, primarily focusing on vehicle emissions. The introduction of the Ultra Low Emission Zone has been a game-changer. Vehicles entering the zone must meet strict emission standards, or their owners face hefty charges. This policy has led to a substantial reduction in nitrogen dioxide levels and encouraged the adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles. London has also expanded its public transportation network and implemented congestion charges, further reducing car dependency.
Copenhagen is renowned for its successful efforts in promoting cycling as a primary mode of transport. Over 40% of the city’s residents commute by bike daily, thanks to extensive cycling infrastructure, including dedicated bike lanes, bridges, and parking facilities. This shift has significantly reduced vehicular emissions and particulate matter levels. The city also prioritises green spaces and renewable energy initiatives, making it one of the cleanest capitals in Europe.
Once infamous for its hazardous smog, Beijing has made remarkable progress in improving air quality. A combination of strict industrial emissions controls, investment in clean energy, and vehicle restrictions has played a pivotal role. The city relocated polluting factories, enforced coal usage reductions, and expanded its electric public transportation system. Real-time air quality monitoring and public awareness campaigns have also contributed to sustained improvements in Beijing’s air quality.
Los Angeles, long associated with smog, has achieved significant improvements in air quality through targeted measures. Stringent vehicle emissions standards, a shift to cleaner fuels, and investments in renewable energy have been instrumental. The city’s robust public transportation system and policies encouraging electric vehicle adoption have further reduced pollution levels. Technological innovations, such as zero-emission ports, have addressed industrial emissions, contributing to cleaner air.
India can draw inspiration from the global success stories, focusing on redesigning urban spaces, promoting public transportation, and incentivising non-motorised mobility. Comprehensive urban planning can complement policy reforms to address India’s air pollution crisis effectively.
Delhi’s air pollution problem requires coordinated, multi-pronged efforts. While addressing immediate pollution sources like coal emissions and stubble burning is critical, long-term strategies must focus on sustainable urban planning, clean energy transitions, and strengthened institutional frameworks. Lessons from global success stories like Barcelona’s superblocks offer valuable insights for creating liveable, breathable cities. For India, tackling air pollution is not just an environmental imperative but also a critical step toward safeguarding public health and quality of life.